Globalization is not a peaceful process

Introduction Globalization is perceived to mean different things to different people. With a wide-ranging level of success, academicians and practitioners are gradually becoming conversant with globalization.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization is not a peaceful process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Researchers of peace and conflict resolution in recent decades joined the bandwagon by attempting to investigate what globalization meant to them and the global peace. The subject of globalization has multiple discrete processes and multi-dimensional making it a difficult task to explore all its perspectives with regard to global peace and conflict (Tidwell and Lerche 2004, p. 47). The multi-dimensional perspective means that there is a wide range of globalization â€Å"discourses†. A significant percentage of the global population looks at globalization as a source and a contributing factor to glo bal peace. On the other hand, many looks at globalization as a source and a contributing factor to conflict in different world locations. A large number of case studies regarding globalization and conflict indicate that indeed globalization is not a peaceful process and the results are not peaceful. Economic, political and cultural forces emanating from the western countries have a threatening effect on local economy, culture and politics in different places such as Indonesia, Libya, Sierra Leone, Iran, among many others. However, this is only a one-dimensional perspective of conflict and globalization. The actual relationship between the two is more delicate and multifaceted. This study seeks to explore whether globalization is a peaceful process. By examining existing political institutions, cultures and economies, this study explores the probable conflict results originating from globalization.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you ! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The investigation is informed by the argument that globalization is an socio-economic and political change accelerator. It may aggravate anxiety, catalyze and accelerate conflict. Characteristics of Globalization Globalization materializes to be understood differently by different people as well as schools of thought. Globalization perspectives are fundamental to the interests of many discernible intellectual orders. These disciplines include cultural and economic globalization among others. The forces associated with globalization and the enabling conditions have gradually led to economic changes in different places are also associated with changes in other spheres of humanity. Globalization in view of economy is entrenched in manufacturing procedures and scientific changes. In this regard, the products of globalization inherently emerge from the less synchronized global market and the worldwide labor division. From an economi cs perspective, globalization has two versions. These are the malevolent and the moderately benign (Milanovic 2003, p. 667). Under the moderately benign, the interdependence and increasing complexity give rise to new centers of production and consumption that are not bound by nation states (Tidwell and Lerche 2004, p. 48). To illustrate this, there have emerged invention hubs for the information-technology middle range in Sydney, Delhi, Dublin, Singapore and San Francisco. In these areas, intellectual, human and financial capital from one center to another freely flows. The host countries have minimal or no power over the capital movement. The countries lack the economy control capacity.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization is not a peaceful process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, resources utilization and transformation of expertise from the spiteful perspective view globalization as having adverse impacts. Under this version, organizations may take advantage of domestic situations and shift production plants to favorable locations in response to the domestic milieu changes. This occurs irrespective of the consequences to the local populations (Tidwell and Lerche 2004, p. 48). For example, a manufacturing company in Middle East may be currently profitable but less so in future. Such an occurrence means that the owner may shift the production to China or India. In most scenarios, this depends on the financial ledger of the company. The development of capitalism is imminent when globalization is viewed from this perspective at this stage. The free movement of capital operating through multinational companies succeeds in compelling local populations and nation-states to accept the priorities of these companies. There are other commentators who argue that globalization is a natural hence an inevitable process. Robert Cox is one such commentator. To critiques of this view, globalization is driven both politically as well as economically. They underestimate the inequality of globalization process to states and players caught up in the process (Hurrell and Ngaire 1995, p. 448). Globalization processes in this context impact some establishments, regions or peoples more than others. Economically, some locations or populations benefit while others are left out. Inherently, some groups consider themselves attacked by foreign forms of culture. Others will feel unperturbed. The grand separation generated for those hurting and those gaining from the process of globalization heighten the likelihood for disagreement.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More New social relations and spatial organizations are created by globalization. An event-taking place in one location thousands of miles away has impacts in another location due to the stretching of economic, political and social activities across borders. For example, a change in NYSE share prices may result in local population losing employment in an apparel factory in India. Increased interconnectedness results in more people with diverse interests involved. A perceived or actual failure in one connection may result in conflict between and among the rest of the network. In globalization terms, this may be viewed as sabotage. For example, when an American investor is expelled for whatever reason from India, other investors including those in Europe are likely to refrain from investing in the country. This may escalate tension not merely between India and US, but will also involve Asian countries and the Western countries. As globalization hasten, local and international contact, acti vities and control come to play generating novel losers and conquerors. Globalization and Economic Conflict There are several ways in which globalization influence conflict. These include the interruption of domestic dealings, the threatening of signs and values held deeply by locals, and the provision of new resource to compete over among others. One specific example of the interaction of globalization and conflict is the ‘conflict diamonds’ narrative. In this, armed activities are funded using diamonds, which are precious commodities. Unpolished diamonds totaled $7.25 billion globally in 1999 (Goreux 2001, p. 3). The market is primarily dominated by the DeBeers cartel of South Africa. It I mined in South Africa, Australia, Canada and Russia. It is then polished in Dubai, Bombay London or Antwerp. They are then transported for sale in the United States or Japan. The globalization of diamond sales results in conflicts between and among warring stakeholders. The diamond trade network has often been used by players to fund rebels and insurgents in locations of interest. In fact, this could enhance chances of gaining access to diamond and other resources. The globalized network is effectively used by parties to generate various conflicts. Besides, access to the mining fields has been used by insurgents to create disasters. In Angola, for example, after losing support from the United States administration, the UNITA collected diamonds, sold them to international traders to finance the procurement of weapons. The Revolutionary United Front (RUF) of Sierra Leone primarily relied on smuggling of diamond to finance its armed campaign against the government. The armed struggle culminated in the death of tens of thousands of people with millions displaced. According to Farah (2001), al-Qaeda launders its own proceeds from the smuggling of diamonds through the ‘conflict diamonds’. Operatives of the dreaded al-Qaeda network are believed to procur e diamonds from Africa. They then export them and sell them to get the much-needed cash to sustain their operations (Farah 2001, p. A1). For instance, a diamond worn by a victim of the 9/11 attack in the American landmarks may have been mined by the RUF in Sierra Leone. In addition to funding bloody conflicts facilitated by trade through globalization, it creates inducements for players to ensure locations such as Sierra Leone and Angola are constantly caught up in violence (Tidwell and Lerche 2004, p. 51). To achieve this objective, the diamonds global market interacts with arms trade globally. This affects the domestic conditions in many locations globally with new perspectives and dynamics being introduced daily. Globalization and Political and Cultural Conflicts Since 1999, Ambon in Maluku, Indonesia, has been an epicenter of sectarian conflict. The violence symbolizes societal apprehensions involving Christians and Muslims. The royally masters left Christians in charge of the d omestic financial system and system of government. In recent decades, internal migration facilitated the growth of Muslim population. In 1999, evident interplay between conflict and globalization forces took effect leading to riots. This left hundreds dead. Since then, more than 5,000 people have died from subsequent violence (International Crisis Group 2002, p.1). There are two outstanding themes advanced by leading military and economic powers including marketization and democratization. In Maluku, these interacted with dynamics of local conflict to result in bloody violence. The two themes generate the foundation for provocation and heightening of tribal conflict according to Chua (1998, p. 5). Chua’s perspective is that a number of groups gain more than others in view of marketization. Developing worlds such as Indonesia are characterized by societies divided ethnically. In such settings, one of the groups gains politically by exploiting majority rule. The other group gai ns economically. As a result, politically empowered group typically lacks economic power. Consequently, ethnic boundaries are rigidified and competitive relationships are established. According to Chua, tribal separations combined with democratization provide a fertile ground for violence. The highly fragmented and divided Indonesian society has been striving for years to democratize. This effort was fuelled by the Suharto New-Order administration’s collapse. There has been concerted effort by different quarters to actualize the political democratization program. The Indonesian government view decentralization of governance as a fundamental constituent of democratic reform. The World Bank in the Indonesian context also prefers decentralization. By decentralizing significant authorities to the grass-root levels and attaching more value to grass-root elections, the devolution process has been increasing tension, rivalries and consequent violence as ethnic politicians vie for po litical power (Tidwell and Lerche 2004, p. 52). It is imperative to highlight that the decentralization was in larger part implemented as a rejoinder to external influences with the effect being felt locally as violent riots. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have been pushing the administration to embrace marketization. This includes widespread privatization of entity ownership. When all these factors emerging from globalization are put together in the Indonesian context, they form formula for subtle and volatile ethnic conflict. It is the nature of humanity to resist approaches perceived detrimental to their well-being. Any form of political administration is often keen to resist globalization that may lead to such regimes not being rendered sovereign. Since the efforts of globalization seek to have leading economies occupying the largest portion of global market in terms of resources and power, locals view globalization efforts as threats from abroad. They hence endeavor to eliminate such dangers that threaten their economies, culture and disturbances likely to molest them. Leaders in such societies are likely to advise their subjects to resist globalization efforts violently. Such scenarios have been observed in Somalia where the population is advised to resist any interaction with the West leading to growing resentment. This has led to conflict in the country that has persisted for decades. Conclusion With regard to globalization and conflict, the example and illustrations given in this study, albeit not comprehensive, present preliminary evidence of the composite interaction between the two. In a variety and diverse settings, globalization seems to be a catalyst to conflict and violence. Poor but organized groups may obtain monetary resources in the worldwide markets to procure arms in the same markets. The markets facilitate the destabilization of domestic conditions as actors struggle to exploit resources. This is supported by th e situations in Sierra Leone and Angola. The globalization of trade has led to the escalation of illegal trade of valuable commodities in exchange for weapons. Religious and ethnic conflict may be elicited by these themes when they are implemented through policy such as democratization or marketization. This has been the case in Mukulu as opposing groups compete for influence and power in the environment influenced by globalization. With the assumption that the finding in this study are indicative whether globalization escalates or de-escalates conflict more or less evenly or foster conflict than it resolves is an important concern for globalization discourse. References Chua, A L 1998, â€Å"Markets, democracy, and ethnicity: toward a new paradigm for law and development,† The Yale Law Journal, vol.108, no.1, pp. 1-108. Farah, D 2001, â€Å"Al-Qaeda cash tied to diamond trade sale of gems from Sierra Leone rebels raised millions, sources say,† Washington Post, vol.3 n o.2, pp. A1. Goreux, L 2001, â€Å"Conflict diamonds,† World Bank Africa Region Working Paper Series, vol.16 no.13, pp. 1-23. Hurrell, A Ngaire, W 1995. â€Å"Globalization and inequality,† Millennium: Journal of International Studies, vol.24 no. 3, pp. 447-471. International Crisis Group 2002, â€Å"Indonesia: the search for peace in Maluku†, ICG Asia Report, vol.5 no.31, pp. 1-26. Milanovic, B 2003, â€Å"The two faces of globalization: against globalization as we know it,† World Development, vol.31 no.4, pp. 667-683. Tidwell, A Lerche, C 2004, â€Å"Globalization and conflict resolution,† International Journal of Peace Studies, vol.9 no.1, pp. 47- 59. This essay on Globalization is not a peaceful process was written and submitted by user John Ellis to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Franz Joseph Haydn Biography essays

Franz Joseph Haydn Biography essays Franz Joseph Haydn was born on March 31st, 1732, in Rohrau, Austria near Hungary. His father, Mathias Haydn, was a wagoner and a sexton at his parish and his mother, Elizabeth, was a simple and humble woman. During the evening Mathias would play the harp, and Elizabeth would sing to their children. One day, his father noticed him scraping two sticks of wood against each other simulating a imitating a violin. His father was determined to give his son as much musical training as he could. He had asked the choirmaster, Johann Mathias Frankh, to teach the six-year-old boy the violin and harpsichord. After two years he was taken into the choir at St. Stephens Cathedral, Vienna, where he sang from around 1740 to 1750. The chapel-master, Reutter, neglected and often mistreated young Haydn. When Haydn turned 17, his voice broke, being of little use to the church. He was eventually dismissed from the choir, and bitter days followed for Haydn. He had no money, no friends, and no home. He was forced to sleep in the streets the first night away from the church. Then one of his peers from St. Stephens pitied him, and gave him temporary shelter. Soon after, he found some pupils and a few engagements as a violinist. He also studied much of Philip Emanuel Bachs sonatas. In a short while, he had composed a mass, which attracted some attention, bringing in some commission. Then, Haydn became acquainted with a famous singer, Michael Porpora, who worked for the Venetian ambassador to Vienna. Porpora made Haydn his accompanist, and through this, Haydn got the opportunity to meet several magnificent composers in Vienna. Joseph Haydn composed his first string quartet in 1755, in which he inherited this form of composition from Boccherini. This form of composition intrigued Haydn, and for the next few months he composed one string quartet after another. After listening to these quartets, von Furnberg recommende...

See the attachments>> Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Why a Global Language - Essay Example There are several languages that are predominant in other areas such as English.   More people around the world are speaking English.   Some of the most powerful countries in the world speak English such as the United States and Great Britain and some people believe that it is because English does not have a masculine or feminine tense.   Instead, it is neutral and several have thought that it would become the language used by the world.   There are also arguments about the amount of comprehensive grammar used in English that people may find it simpler to learn than others. Some may contribute this to the way that English has derived its vocabulary from other languages so it is in some ways familiar to others who speak different languages.   However, highly intelligent people all around the world still speak other languages and Latin is still considered one that is classic, beautiful, and scholarly.   A language is generally more powerful because its people are more power ful and much of this comes from a country’s military.   However, the country must be economically powerful as well. With the growth of global business, an international language is supported.   Through the use of different technologies, advertising, marketing and the media, it is easier to disperse a language to different parts of the world.

Strategic Management and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 3

Strategic Management and Leadership - Essay Example The company’s headquarters is in Memphis, Tennessee. The corporation has many major divisions working under it which are like FedEx Express, FedEx Freight, FedEx Services and FedEx Ground. Among all these the flagship segment for the company is its FedEx Express which is the global leader in shipment industry providing the best quality service tot eh customers over the years continuously. The company has its business operations spread across in totally 220 countries with 300,000 employees, 660 aircrafts and 90,000 vehicles ready to perform at their best to provide the best quality service to the customers across all the countries. The company has been rated in the top 100 companies across the world in Fortune magazine and also has been ranked among the top 10 companies that are been admired globally in 2009 (FedEx, 2014). The corporation has got the highest number of aircrafts for shipment purpose than other companies in the shipment industry present in the global world. In 20 12, in US the company had a market share of 49% and also had a dream to grow continuously and capturing 15-20% of the market share in the global market having its good presence in mostly all the countries. The company’s net operating income value is around $2 billion and the revenue of the company is approximately $42 billion, in this 80% of the income generated for the company is from its flagship service FedEx Express which has been on the top of shipment of goods among all the other competitors present in the market. Many big companies like Apple have trusted over FedEx for their shipment process and they have used the service of FedEx to ship their products and parts to different parts of the world. Looking at the financial report of the company over the last few years it can be seen that the company has grown in a huge way in the last few years and has increased its market share and revenue with a good percentage over the previous years.

Edward Hallet Carrs Arguments In What Is History?

Edward Hallet Carrs Arguments In What Is History? Introduction This essay attempts to review Edward Hallet Carrs (1892-1982) arguments in his book What is History? According to Carr, history is a continual process of interaction; a dialogue between the historian in the present and the facts of the past and the relative weight of individuals and social elements on both sides of the equation. Advocating the adoption of a suitable philosophy to the approach of writing history, in terms of selecting, distinguishing and interpreting historical fact, Carr elucidates that great history is written when the historians view of the past is illuminated by insights into the conditions of the present. In addition to continually asking why, the historian also needs to project into the future. This essay attempts to understand Carrs views on objectivity, truth and narrative in the arguments put forth in his book What is History? and the assessment of his arguments by other historians. H.E. Carrs Arguments on What is History In his arguments on What is History? Carr sets out the following premise. History is a continual dialogue between the past and the present; an interaction between the historian and his facts. Establishing the criteria for selecting historical fact, Carr argues that fact itself is insufficient and must be correctly and truthfully interpreted. To arrive at a correct interpretation and factual account of history, a historian must continually question why and whither, as history in essence is change. Carr also underlines the fact that historians, as individuals, cannot be divested from the society they live in. A proper philosophy to the approach of history is thus essential for the historian. Each era or century has its own interpretation of what history is. As a social process, history is an interaction between the past and the present and between the society of today and yesterday. History according to Carr contains a corpus of ascertained facts and these are available to the historian in documents. He however asserts that fact without accurate interpretation is ineffectual. To understand this, one has to first distinguish historical fact from other facts in the past. Carr discusses historical fact in light of the Empirical or Common Sense View of History. There are certain basic facts that are the same for all historians and which form the backbone of history. These facts, however, form the raw material for the historian, rather than history itself. The necessity to verify the truth of these basic facts rests on a priori decision by the historian. Whilst accuracy of such facts is a necessary, a historian must also rely on the auxiliary sciences of history archaeology, epigraphy, numismatics, chronology amongst others. A historian like any other scientist must continually ask the question why. The question whither also assumes importance, since the line of demarcation between pre-historic and historical times is eclipsed when people cease to live only in the present and become consciously interested in their past and future. However, Carr also reveals that as a social being the historian is naturally and inclined to be selective of the facts he chooses. Our picture of the past has been preselected and predetermined for us by people who consciously or unconsciously imbued a particular view and saw those facts as worthy of preserving. Carr likens history to an enormous jigsaw puzzle with many missing parts. A lacunae in the historical facts of 5th century Greece B.C has arisen due to one sided view of Greece from the Athenian citizen. Hardly any information is available on how it looked to other citizens like the Spartan, Corinthian, Theban or even a slave. The 19th century fetishism of facts was complemented by an equal fetishism for documents. However, none of this means anything unless the author has actually deciphered and processed the facts found in these documents before making use of them. Carr defines the method the historian makes use of facts as the processing process. The Stresemanns Vermà ¤ch tnis volume is one such illustration of the selectiveness of historians. Sometimes mere fact about the past is transformed into history. For example while the Battle of Hastings 1066 is an important historical event, it is the historian who decides the whether the inclusion of Caesars crossing of the Rubicon is a relevant historical fact. Or the mention of the murder of a ginger bread vendor at Stalybridge Wakes in 1850 is equally relevant. Their status as historical facts will depend on their interpretation. Correct and truthful interpretation of historical fact is equally important stresses Carr. Facts are like fish swimming about in a vast and sometimes inaccessible ocean. What the historian catches will depend largely on which part of the ocean he is fishing and what fish he intends to catch. The ancient or mediaeval historian may be grateful for the large winnowing process which has over the years put a manageable corpus of facts at their disposal. The modern historian on the other hand has the dual task of discovering a few significant facts and discarding the insignificant ones as unhistorical. Each historian belongs to his own age and is bound to it by the conditions of human existence. An understanding of the past can be achieved by an insight into present conditions. The choice of words for example democracy, empire or war, are connotations linked to the historians specific time in history. Similarly, over the years, a change in the balance of power, world wars and other movements have also influenced historical writing. French history in the latter twentieth century was deeply affected by the Russian Revolution of 1917. Carr advises historians that equal importance should be given to the date and publication of writing as the name of the author when commencing on a study. Carr states it is imperative that the author should neither dwell solely on the past nor disassociate totally from it, but master and understands it, as the key to understanding the present. The reconstitution of the past in the historians mind is dependent on empirical evidence, but is not in itself an empirical process as facts do not speak for themselves. The process of reconstitution governs the selection and interpretation of facts. This indeed is what makes them historical facts. The facts of history are never handed down to us in a pure form clarifies Carr. They are always refracted through the mind of the recorder. When a historian takes up a work of history, the authors first concern should not be with the facts, but rather an understanding of the historians who wrote it and their back ground. To appreciate the work of the English Liberal Historian, Trevelyan England under Queen Anne, one must interpret it against the background of his traditional Whig historian lineage. To appreciate the thoughts behind peoples action, Carr exhorts historian to cultivate an imaginative understanding of the minds of people they are dealing with for a correct interpretation of historical fact. Historians must necessarily cultivate an objective approach to history asserts Carr. The duty of the historian to respect fact cannot be overshadowed by the obligation to see that the facts are accurate. The historian must seek to bring into the picture all known or knowable facts, relevant in one sense or the other to the theme and the interpretation proposed. History is meaningless in a static world affirms Carr. History in its essence is change reveals Carr. It is meaningless in a static world. A society which loses its belief in its capacity to move into the future will quickly cease to concern itself with its progress in the past. History can be accurately written by those who find and accept a sense of direction in history itself. Whilst writing history, two processes must go hand in hand input and output, states Carr. Working historians must stop and reflect what they are doing. The historian can thus effectively mould facts to his interpretation. Speaking from his own experience, Carr reveals that the process of reading and writing are simultaneous exercises for him. The writing is added to and subtracted from as he goes along. He found that his reading was more guided and directed by the writing as he went along. Assessment of Carrs Arguments Since its publication in 1961 E.H. Carrs What is History? the book established itself as a classic reference on the subject.  [1]  Yet despite its widespread recognition, many inner flaws and contradictions have surfaced, sparking several debates on Carr supposition of What is History? Whilst rejecting the crude and rigid re-constructionist stance of the empiricist, Carr as a political constructionist historian has failed to visualise the post modern challenge to the distinction between fact and fiction in historical narrative and the influence of root metaphors.  [2]  His epistemological position is revealed through his scepticism about the nature and status of historical knowledge and sociology of knowledge. (Alan Munslow). Over the years there have been disagreements about Carrs contribution to the analytical philosophy of history, shadowing the distinction between re-constructionism and constructionism.  [3]   Authors Anders Stephanson and Rendall Germain in their appraisal conclude that Carrs answers to the questions he has set about history are in themselves unsatisfactory. Another writer, Keith Jenkins underlines the futility of Carrs empirical-analytical concept particularly in light of the post modern challenges.  [4]  Carr devalues his currency of re-constructionist theory, by his ultimate acceptance of the epistemological model of historical explanation as the best method to create and evaluate historical thought.  [5]   Exploring Carrs epistemological claim to radicalism and his insistence that a historian cannot divorce himself from the outlook and interests of his age, Historian Alan Munslow, highlights the fact that today with greater awareness of the weakness of representation, reference and inductive inference, a larger part of historical writing is based on the supposition that we cannot know any absolute truths about the past. Whilst acknowledging Carrs attention to the discursive nature of historical facts, Historian Alex Callinicos refutes Carrs opinion that the importance of empirical evidence diminishes since the facts of history are refracted through the mind of the historian.  [6]  Rather this premise gives rise to the question of the historians subjective bearing on the facts. Carr drops his objectivist anchor when he argues that Historian Collingwoods logic of sceptical position leads to the idea that there is no certainty in historical meaning and that the discourses of historians, or what Carr termed as total scepticism, like something spun out a human brain, suggests that there could be no objective truth in historical writing.  [7]  Supporting his own belief in the power of empiricism, Carrexplicitly rejected Nietzches notion that historical truth is defined by fitness of purpose. This misguiding percept excludes the possibility that one interpretation is as good as another.  [8]   While confirming the necessity of a continual interaction between the historian and his facts, Carr was unwilling to acknowledge that the written historical fact could possibly be a work of fiction.  [9]  He overlooks the reality that new evidence and new theory can offer new interpretations. Carrs epistemological theory of knowledge argues that the past is known from its evidence and remains so whilst being introduced in the historical narrative.  [10]   For example, Carrs argument that facts are a priori decision of the historian, and that the historians influence on and the arrangement of these facts is what constitutes historical meaning. However, this gives rise to the risk of subjectivity and the outcome may not be an accurate representation of the evidence.  [11]   Carr pulls back from relativism which his own logic has thrust him into. Aware that he is running a post empiricist wind, he rejects Collingwoods demand for the emphatic and constructive approach and cites another historian who accepts the model of dialogue between past and present, while keeping an objective point of view. This profile of a historian is affirmed by the American Commentators Joyce Appleby, Lynn Hunt and Margaret Jacob who repacked Carrs position as practical realism.  [12]   Carr uses his objectivist angle to underplay the problems of historical form.  [13]  He does this by arguing that the standard for objectivity in history is the historians sense of the direction in history, which means the historian selects facts not on personal bias, but on the ability to choose the right facts, or, in other words, that he applies the right standard of significance.  [14]   Carrs objective historian is one who has the ability to see beyond the inadequate vision of his own position in society and history and at the same time has the ability to visualise the future to give him a more in depth and enduring understanding of the past.  [15]   The objective historian is also one who penetrates most deeply into the mutual method of fact and value, who recognises that facts and values are not necessarily in opposition to differences in standards emerging from disparity of historical fact, and vice versa. An objective historian also understands the boundaries of historical theory. Carrs insists that the objective historian should develop the habit of reading and interpreting the evidence at the same time. However, appropriate social theory precludes presumption or series of connected presumptions, of how people in the past acted intentionally and related to their social contexts.  [16]   Conclusion In his book What is History? H E Carr lays out the premises for conducting a correct approach and philosophy to writing history. History according to Carr is a continuous dialogue between the past and present and a continual interaction between the historian and the facts, for a correct interpretation and accurate recording of facts. It is constantly changing. It is important therefore for the historian to develop a proper philosophy of history before undertaking a study, where historical fact, the criteria for selection of, and their factual interpretation are of vital importance. Carrs arguments about objectivity and his epistemological theory of knowledge have been widely criticised by empiricist as well as the social theory historians. His failure to visualise post modern challenge to the distinction between fact and fiction in historical narrative and his inclination towards post-empiricism despite his claims to radicalism have reduced the currency of his re-constructionist theory.

macbeth :: essays research papers

Shakespeare draws an amazing psychological portrait of a man who became a villain by means of ambition, desire and an imbalance of good and evil. â€Å"Macbeth† is a play composed of the disintegration of a noble man’s world. The play begins by offering the audience Macbeth, a war hero, with a high regard from Duncan, the king of Scotland. By the end of the play Macbeth transforms into a universally despised man without a place in the social community. Shakespeare draws an amazing face of a man made to be a villain by ambition, desire and an imbalance of good and evil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth, unhappy and unsatisfied with his social position, caused his feelings to snowball into the ambition that led him to the murder of Duncan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have no spur To prick the sides of my intent, but only Vaulting ambition, which O’erleaps itself And falls on th’other† (Act 1 sc. 7 pg 41) By using an aside, Shakespeare allows Macbeth to reveal his ambitions. And uses Macbeth’s ambition to create irony, in that his ambition was what brought him to power, yet it also leads him to his tragic downfall. Ambition is what allowed Macbeth to become more powerful, and helps him to overcome obstacles and come closer to his final goals. It is this ambition that is the direct cause of the tragic incident of Duncan’s death.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The encounter with the three witches summons Macbeth’s innermost imaginative desires, eventually pointing him in the direction of Duncan’s murder.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Art thou not fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? Or art thou but A dagger of the mind, a false creation Proceeding from the heat-oppressed brain?† (Act 2 sc. 1 pg 53)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Here Macbeth’s imagination precedes his rational thought, he is stolen in the grip of his fantastical imagination. It is as if the dagger is actually pulling him towards his desires to murder Duncan, rather than being persuaded by an actual inner passion for that motive. Shakespeare uses this scene to demonstrate to the audience that Macbeth’s conscious act of knowing that his desires are immoral and still acting upon them proves him quite the villain. This symbolism brings the audience to savor the play’s hidden meanings and also allows for leeway in the interpretation of the plot.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth’s inability to balance the forces of good and evil cause him to reach an insecure state of mind, causing him to make many malicious decisions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"But let the fame of things disjoint, both the worlds suffer,

Monsoosn

Monsoosn is a typical seasonal wind in low altitude climate that changes direction between winter and summer season. Monsoon wind typically flow from the geographical land in winter season carrying cool dry air (dry phase), and to the land in summer carrying warm moist air (wet phase), causing a sweeping change in the rain and temperature patterns of the area.The â€Å"monsoon† word is derived from the Arabic word mausim, meaning changing season. Initially the word monsoon was used to describe winds in the Arabian Sea, but with the passage of time it is employed for seasonally changing wind systems all over the world. The difference in the heating of land and water surface results in pressure difference between land and ocean. (Roger G. Barry, Richard J. Chorley, 1998)In the winter to maintain the energy balance between land and water heat is transferred by land- sea breezes. This pressure difference gives rise to monsoon. In winter season the air over the land area is colder than over the oceans, generating a large high pressure area over the Siberia, leading to air movement across the Indian Ocean and South China, causing clear skies for South Asia and East. While the exact opposite phenomenon occurs in summer.In summer monsoon of Southwest Asia wind starts blowing from the ocean the continent with wet shower patterns. The air over the continents land is much warmer than over the oceans, resulting in moisture laden wind movement from the ocean towards the continent. When this humidified air unites with comparatively dry west air flow crossing over the mountains, it starts rising till reaches its saturation point with the development of heavy showers and thunderstorms. (Roger G. Barry, Richard J. Chorley, 1998)The most prominent pattern of monsoon system is seen in eastern and southern Asia; however it has also been prevailing in Australia, West Africa and the Pacific Ocean. A small scale monsoonal system exists in the southern United States called Nort h American, Mexican or Arizona Monsoon. Between July and September the North American monsoon is circulating over southwest North America bringing remarkable increase in rain showers in normally arid regions of Arizona, New Mexico and northwestern Mexico. The west or northwest winds with similarities to the original Southwest Asian monsoon turn more south or southwest having monsoonal circulation brings moisture from Pacific Ocean, Gulf of California and Gulf of Maxico.The monsoon is an important aspect of atmospheric circulation. It brings humid air from over the oceans traveling across the land to the mountains being lifted up due to day time heating from the sun, finally causing thunderstorm and turning out into rain over the land. The large areas in the tropics and subtropics are under the influence of monsoons. In highly populated areas of the world like Asia or India, the monsoon is vital for agriculture for harvesting land and thus the food production. From time to time a str ong monsoon circulation has been seen bringing flood or if the monsoon is late in a specific year, it has been seen causing droughts.A very interesting phenomenon similar to monsoon occurs in smaller spatial and temporal scale, the mountain and valley breezes. The reason behind their occurrence is the same as that of monsoon. During the day the valley and area around it becomes warm heating the air from scorching sun which makes it less dense with a propensity to rise and a gentle upslope wind occurs.This upslope valley wind if carry enough humidity may cause showers and even thunderstorms in warmest part of the day or early afternoon. Exactly opposite to this phenomenon at night slopes cool down quickly causing the air around to cool and blow down from the mountain to the valley forming some sort of gravity wind named mountain breeze. Technically speaking nay kind of down slope wind is called Katabatic or fall wind which is best used for considerably stronger wind than mountain bre eze. (Peter Combs, 2000)The monsoon season prevails from June to September, and is liable for widespread rain leading to flooding across India and Bangladesh. This is a very common phenomenon in this region of world happening time and again. Noticeable monsoon effects are recorded in the history of meteorological study in past.Bangladesh is a low-lying, poor nation of 144 million people, where seasonal floods and cyclones due to monsoon kill hundreds every year. A powerful cyclone in 1991 killed 139,000 people along the coast with a record worst in a decade monsoon rains. (Peter Combs, 2000)In June 2007 heavy rains swept across southern India’s Karnataka state western Maharashtra state killing 38 people. This sweep had also caused flooding and wild storms that had hit also the neighboring Pakistan where 228 people were killed in a week.â€Å"Hundreds of people died last year in South Asia in floods and landslides which are common during the monsoon season. But officials in I ndian and Bangladesh say that this year's flooding is the worst they have seen in over a decade. â€Å"Some 400,000 houses were damaged in floods in 18 of the state's 24 districts,† the chief minister of the Indian state of Assam, Tarun Gogoi, told AFP news agency†. â€Å"Flood waters are continuing to rise in Bangladesh and eastern India, swamping large stretches of land and affecting millions of people.† http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/On August 23 in 2005 hurricane Katrina had developed. It was the one of the five deadliest hurricanes in the history of the United States. Atlantic monsoon season had brought damage in a large extent of the north-central Gulf Coast. Severe loss of life and property had occurred in New Orleans, Louisiana due to flooding of vast area. The hurricane caused much more devastating destruction across the entire Mississippi coast and into Albama as far as 160 km from the storm’s center.New Orleans has a long history of natural disasters being geographically positioned in a region frequently hit by hurricanes. In the year 1915 a category four hurricane had caused Lake Pontchartrain to overflow killing 275 people in the same area hit badly by the Hurricane Katrina.Hurricane Betsy with category three occurred in 1965, flooded half of New Orleans and submerged up to 20 feet in some areas, and left 60,000 inhabitants homeless.Hurricane Camille hit the Mississippi Gulf near to New Orleans in 1969, once more causing destructive flooding in the area and displacement of people. As recorded by National Weather Service report monsoon season throughout 1995-2004 have brought 13.6 tropical storms, 7.8 hurricanes, 3.8 major hurricanes.References:http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/Peter Combs. Clouds and Climate Change; Focus, Vol. 46, Spring 2000Roger G. Barry, Richard J. Chorley. Atmosphere, Weather, and Climate; Routledge, 1998