Lycurgus - Spartan Lawgiver

Lycurgus - Spartan Lawgiver Dateline: 06/22/99 Back to Sparta: A Military State Although the evolution of Greek law codes is complicated and cant really be reduced to the work of a single individual, there is one man who stands out as responsible for Athenian law and one for Spartan law. Athens had its Solon, and Sparta had its Lycurgus the lawgiver. Like the origins of Lycurgus legal reforms, the man himself is wrapped in legend. Herodotus 1.65.4 says the Spartans thought the laws of Lycurgus came from Crete. Xenophon takes a contrary position, arguing Lycurgus made them up; while Plato says the Delphic Oracle provided the laws. Regardless of the origin of the laws of Lycurgus, the Delphic Oracle played an important, if legendary, role in their acceptance. Lycurgus claimed that the Oracle had insisted the laws not be written down. He tricked the Spartans into keeping the laws for an ostensibly short period while Lycurus went on a journey. Because of the authority invoked, the Spartans agreed. But then, instead of returning, Lycurgus disappears forever from hi story, thereby eternally obliging the Spartans to honor their agreement not to change the laws. See Sanderson Becks Ethics of Greek Culture for more on this. Some think the laws of Sparta were essentially unchanged until the third century B.C., with the exception of a rider to the rhetra quoted by Plutarch. See Legislation in Sparta, by W. G. Forrest. Phoenix. Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring, 1967), pp. 11-19. Source: (amherst.edu/~eakcetin/sparta.html) Lycurgus Reforms and the Spartan SocietyBefore Lycurgus there had been dual kingship, division of the society into Spartiates, Helots, and perioeci, and the ephorate. After his travels to Crete and elsewhere, Lycurgus brought to Sparta three innovations: Elders (gerusia), Redistribution of land, and Common messes (meals). Lycurgus forbade gold and silver coinage, replacing it with iron coinage of low value, making trade with other Greek poleis difficult; for instance, there were supposedly loaf shaped and sized iron coins. It is also possible that the iron coins were valued, as iron had been in the Iron Age of Homer. See The Iron Money of Sparta, by H. Michell Phoenix, Vol. 1, Supplement to Volume One. (Spring, 1947), pp. 42-44. Men were to live in barracks and women were to undergo physical training. In all he did Lycurgus was trying to suppress greed and luxury.[www.perseus.tufts.edu/cl135/Students/Debra_Taylor/delphproj2.html] Delphi and the LawWe dont know whether Lycurgus asked the oracle simply to confirm the law code he already had or asked the oracle to provide the code. Xenophon opts for the former, while Plato believes the latter. Theres a possibility that the code came from Crete.Source: (web.reed.edu/academic/departments/classics/Spartans.html) Early SpartaThucydides suggested that it was not the kings who declared war, and the fact that seven helots attended each Spartan indicates the helots lot may not have been so bad. The Great RhetraPassage from Plutarchs Life of Lycurgus on his obtaining an oracle from Delphi about the establishment of his form of government: When thou has built a temple to Zeus Syllanius and Athena Syllania, divided the people into phylai, and divided them into obai, and established a Gerousia of thirty including the Archagetai, then from time to time appellazein between Babyka and Knakion, and there introduce and repeal measures; but the Demos must have the decision and the power. Xenophon on the SpartansNine passages from Herodotus about the famous Spartan lawgiver Lycurgus. Passages include notice that female slaves were to work on clothes while free women, since production of children was the noblest occupation, were to exercise as much as the men. If a husband were old, he should supply his wife with a younger man to beget children. Lycurgus made it honorable to satisfy natural cravings by stealing; he forbade free citizens from engaging in business; failing to do ones duty would result in loss of status of the homoioi, (equally privileged citizens). Occupation Index - Leader Plutarch - Life of Lycurgus

Free Essays on Beloved

After the abolishment of slavery, the black community became the core of African American culture and life. This was due in part by segregation and other socioeconomic factors, but also to the spiritual and social unity of each black member. This was well exemplified in the story, as each former slave underwent arduous struggles to affix the broken pieces of their lives and attempt to become independent members of the community in a time which did not allow them to accomplish such a feat. The black community played a major role in Beloved, especially with their interactions with Sethe. After Sethe's escape from slavery, she traveled to Cincinnati to reunite with her children and mother-in-law, Baby Suggs. She arrived at 124, a house constantly filled with people and happiness. Where not one but two pots simmered on the stove; where the lamp burned all night long. Strangers rested while their children tried on their shoes. Messages were left there, for whoever needed them was sure to stop in one day soon. (Morrison, 87) Sethe was enveloped with love and security, while Baby Suggs, the local spiritual leader, became the driving force in the community, gathering the people together to preach self love and respect. "When warm weather came, Baby Suggs, holy, followed by every black man, woman and child who could make it through, took her great heart to the Clearing..." (Morrison, 87) Toni Morrison's Beloved is a book about a community made up of individuals running away from their pasts. In meeting a few of those individuals and learning how and what they are running from, it becomes obvious that no one can deal successfully with the burden of past memories alone. Those who attempt to face their troubles alone wind up tiring out and giving up, as is demonstrated by Baby Suggs. Sethe and Paul D however, try to fight back the past only to realize it cannot be done alone. After doing so, they find that with the community or a loved one to "enco... Free Essays on Beloved Free Essays on Beloved Toni Morrison's Beloved is a book about a community made up of individuals running away from their pasts. Learning how and what they are running from, it becomes obvious that no one can deal successfully with the burden of past memories alone. The black community is the core of African American culture and life. This is due in part by segregation and other socioeconomic factors, but also to the social unity of each black member. This was well exemplified in the Toni Morrison’s Beloved. Each former slave underwent struggles to mend the broken pieces of their lives and attempt to become independent members of the community. The black community played a major role in Beloved, especially with their interaction with Sethe, Baby Suggs and Paul D. The community would keep their support withdrawn from the family that lived in 124, so Baby Suggs, Sethe and Paul D are left to deal with their trials alone. So this paper will examine the role of the community in the lives of Sethe, Baby S uggs and Paul D. in Toni Morrison’s Beloved. In Beloved we see the African concept about neighborhood, how community feeling and responsibilities prevail over the family structure. However, community can be very helpful or become destructive. Beloved is a good example of how the community can help people to find their identity, help runaways to escape and help exorcise Beloved. In talking with Paul D about Home Sweet Home and their past, Sethe says: "but it's where we were, All together. Comes back whether we want it to or not" (14). Although, â€Å"they a community life at â€Å"Sweet Home† (Jesser, 330), Sethe was determined to run away, as she did, from Home Sweet Home. After Sethe's escape from slavery, she traveled to Cincinnati to reunite with her children and mother-in-law. Baby Suggs. â€Å"An escape involves even more risk and requires greater reliance on connection to a community† (Jesser, 330). She arrived at 124, a house constantly filled with people ... Free Essays on Beloved April 19th, 1996 A critical analysis of the main characters and plot from the novel "Beloved" (BY TONI MORRISON). Beloved is a novel set in Ohio during 1873, several years after the Civil War. The book centers on characters who struggle fruitlessly to keep their painful recollections of the past at bay. The whole story revolves around issues of race, gender, family relationships and the supernatural, covering two generations and three decades up to the 19th century. Concentrating on events arising from the Fugitive Slave Act of 1856, it describes the horrendous consequences of an escape from slavery for the, her children and Paul D. The novel is divided into three parts. Each part opens with statements as to indicate the progress of the hauntingfrom the poltergeist to the materialized spirit to the final freeing of both the spirit and Sethe; Part I: "124 WAS SPITEFUL" Part II: " 124 WAS LOUD" Part III: "124 WAS QUIET". These parts reflect the progressive reconciliation of a betraye d child and her desperate mother. Overall symbolizing the gradual acceptance of freedom and the enormous work and continuous struggle that would persist for the next 100 years. The dynamics of the story attempt to distance the reader from an immediate and direct exposure to the extremes of the real horror contained in the narrative. Reading the story resembles "listening" to a story. This peculiar "oral" style surfaces; it feels as if the novel is speaking the emotions of each character out loudly, allowing the reader to identify with each one. Events that occurred prior and during the 18 years of Sethe's freedom are slowly revealed and pieced together throughout the novel. Ever so painfully, Sethe is in need of rebuilding her identity and remembering the past and her origins: "Some things just stay. I used to think it was my rememory. Some things you forget. Other things you never do. But it's not. Places, places, are still there. If a house burns down i... Free Essays on Beloved The definition of literature is protean with personal interpretation. A broad meaning of literature is â€Å"anything written, even what you receive in the mail if you send for free information about a weight-reducing plan or motorcycle.† It is further defined as â€Å"a kind of art, usually written, which offers pleasure and illumination† (Kennedy, xxxviii). My personal definition of the standard by which to evaluate a piece of writing as literature requires the work to create a lasting impression that invokes the emotions of the reader. Alexander Solzhenitsyn in an open letter, to the Fourth Soviet Writers’ Congress narrowed the description of literature by defining what does not qualify: Literature that is not the breath of contemporary society, that dares not transmit the pains and fears of that society, that does not warn in time against threatening moral and social dangers- such literature does not deserve the name of literature; it is only a faà §ade (Solzhenitsyn, www.mercuryhouse.org). By the aforementioned standards, Toni Morrison’s Beloved has undeniably earned its place in contemporary literature. Disregarding the supporting fact that Morrison received the Nobel Prize in Literature for Beloved, I intend to prove that not only is this work literature, but it will become a classic (Morrison, cover). Beloved was written. This complies with the concept that anything written is literature. The pleasure that is mentioned as a requirement of literature is purely an evaluative judgement and therefore introduces a question of taste. When a reader becomes completely involved in the plot and characters of a novel, as I did, it becomes apparent that it is an enjoyable piece of work. To illuminate, a novel must enlighten the reader and inform. Much of Beloved is told from the perspective of freed slaves. Morrison, most likely had family who were slaves, which adds to the clout of this novel. An unforgettable passage ... Free Essays on Beloved After the abolishment of slavery, the black community became the core of African American culture and life. This was due in part by segregation and other socioeconomic factors, but also to the spiritual and social unity of each black member. This was well exemplified in the story, as each former slave underwent arduous struggles to affix the broken pieces of their lives and attempt to become independent members of the community in a time which did not allow them to accomplish such a feat. The black community played a major role in Beloved, especially with their interactions with Sethe. After Sethe's escape from slavery, she traveled to Cincinnati to reunite with her children and mother-in-law, Baby Suggs. She arrived at 124, a house constantly filled with people and happiness. Where not one but two pots simmered on the stove; where the lamp burned all night long. Strangers rested while their children tried on their shoes. Messages were left there, for whoever needed them was sure to stop in one day soon. (Morrison, 87) Sethe was enveloped with love and security, while Baby Suggs, the local spiritual leader, became the driving force in the community, gathering the people together to preach self love and respect. "When warm weather came, Baby Suggs, holy, followed by every black man, woman and child who could make it through, took her great heart to the Clearing..." (Morrison, 87) Toni Morrison's Beloved is a book about a community made up of individuals running away from their pasts. In meeting a few of those individuals and learning how and what they are running from, it becomes obvious that no one can deal successfully with the burden of past memories alone. Those who attempt to face their troubles alone wind up tiring out and giving up, as is demonstrated by Baby Suggs. Sethe and Paul D however, try to fight back the past only to realize it cannot be done alone. After doing so, they find that with the community or a loved one to "enco... Free Essays on Beloved Toni Morrison, in her novel, Beloved, uses plant life, such as trees, to represent sources of healing, comfort and life, in a world where it is hard to find hope. These images of trees are an escape from the brutal world of slavery that the characters of Sethe, Paul D and Baby Suggs faced in Beloved. For these characters, trees brought hope against the white men who brought only fear and sadness. For Sethe, trees are associated with her escaping toward freedom. They also are used to mask the realities of her former slave life. Paul D uses trees as a place of comfort, while Baby Suggs uses trees as a way to make a difference. But the ability of trees to function as centers of solace and peace is complicated by the way white men have perverted their natural function. Trees are naturally supposed to provide joy and bring peace, yet in Beloved, they are also used as sites for lynches and burnings. Just as white men destroyed the lives of slaves, white men have distorted the func tion of trees as gatherers of happiness and hope for the future. The connotation that trees have for Sethe, Paul D and Baby Suggs are altered by the images that slave holders have created. Because of this, nature has a split meaning for the former slaves in Beloved. Sometimes, the concepts of trees bring hope for a better life and soften the blows of slavery, while other times, trees hold with them the memories of a life filled with shamefulness and brutality brought on by the white slave owners. Each main character in Beloved has a special idea of what trees represent. But for every happy idea that each character has about trees, there is the opposite meaning conveyed in the characters mind that reminds them of their traumatic past. Sethe, Paul D, and Baby Suggs peaceful memories about trees are paralleled with memories from the darker side of humanity. For Sethe, trees are a symbol of masking the true horror she has faced in her life. The beau... Free Essays on Beloved Eighteen Years of Not Living Toni Morrison’s Beloved is a story of a former slave woman and the daughter that comes back to haunt her after eighteen years. It is the meaning of time and memory and how remembering either destroys or saves a future. In order to live in the present and make plans for the future, one must come to terms with the past. The novel opens with Sethe and her daughter Denver living as outcasts in a house outside of Cincinnati given to her mother-in-law, Baby Suggs. Sethe’s mother-in-law has been dead for eight years, and her two sons have run away; they are afraid of their mother and a ghost that shakes the house. The ghost is the spirit of the baby daughter that Sethe murders eighteen years prior in order to save her from slavery. The attempt is also made on the other children without success. To this house arrives Paul D, a former slave who has been wandering for years from the plantation Sweet Home, which Sethe escapes years before. Soon, there is another arrival, a mysterious woman from nowhere whom Sethe’s daughter, Denver, at once accepts as her sister, grown up and back from the dead. This is Beloved, who takes the name from the word that is on the gravestone of Sethe’s dead child. When Sethe escapes the plantation years before, Ella, the former slave woman who has led Sethe and the just-born Denver from the Ohio River, is the person that guides them to the community of former slaves. When Sethe does not need anyone after Beloved’s death, Ella ostracizes Sethe and her family from the community for eighteen years. Her arrogance causes the black community of Cincinnati to shun her. The characters in this story still feel the scars of slavery many years after their escapes as if it is yesterday. They are numb, almost incapable of emotion because of the deep suffering and terror that slavery has brought to their lives. The ghost of this dead child haunting... Free Essays on Beloved Beloved Toni Morrison’s, Beloved, is a complex narrative about the love between mothers and daughters, and the agony of guilt. â€Å" It is the ultimate gesture of a loving mother. It is the outrageous claim of a slave.† These are the words, of Toni Morrison, used to describe the actions of Sethe, the central character in the novel. She, a former slave, chooses to kill her baby girl rather then let her live a life in slavery. In preventing her from the physical and emotional horrors of slavery, Sethe has put herself in to a realm of physical and emotional pain: guilt. And in understanding her guilt we can start to conceive her motivations for killing her third nameless child. A justified institution as the 19th century emerged; the infamous institution of slavery grew rapidly and produced some surprising controversy and rash justification. Proslavery, Southern whites used social, political, and economical justification in their arguments defining the institution as a source of positive good, a legal definition, and as an economic stabilizer. The proslavery supporters often used moral and biblical rationalization through a religious foundation in Christianity and supported philosophic ideals in Manifest Destiny to vindicated slavery as a profitable investment. Southerners used popular sovereignty to justify their slavery practices, ultimately slavery is supported through popular sovereignty since it is the people’s will to enslave black, or at least the Southerner’s will. Another social aspect of rationalization is the slavery institution is derived from the Southern argument, which contrasted the happy lives of their slaves to the overworked and exhausted Northern black wageworkers. In the South, benefits; whereas in the North black were caged in dank and dark factories and were released after their usefulness had served its purpose. Why work in the North when there are safe, comfortable plantations to work on in the South?... Free Essays on Beloved Beloved Can a mother’s love be so strong that she could kill her own children to save them from being harmed by others? This is the question that is being asked throughout Toni Morrison’s Novel Beloved. The character Sethe, in the novel, had killed her own daughter beloved and attempted to kill the rest of her children in the fear that they would live the same tortured life that she had. With Sethe’s decision to brutally kill her children she had confronted the issues of morality, religion and spirituality. She had made the decision to kill her children who were not yet old enough to decide whether they wanted to live or die. She believed she could save her children from a life of abuse s but the only children who have been abused in the novel are those who she has hurt herself. Although, I personally have never been placed in a situation like Sethe’s, I strongly disagree with what she has decided for her children. When reading about the different stories of slaves in America it is obvious that not one of these slaves lived a happy, healthy life. It was also clearly known that the slaves in America were fed little to eat, wore few articles of clothing and were often beat for no good reason. With this in mind it is obvious that no person whether, black or white would want this life for themselves and especially for their children. With always being treated so badly it is evident that there was no morality being practiced between white people as well as between blacks. Sethe might never have understood that what she did to her children was wrong. The more the black slaves were treated like animals the more they would act like them. Although we see this horrible mistreatment in the lives of slaves it is the life that they have been given. Most of the slaves will live this life in hopes that someday they will be free from chains and become equal to the white race. I believe that Sethe had t aken away beloved’s...

Sociology - Article Critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sociology - Article Critique - Assignment Example There are many questions involved in this article that target the laws and regulations, causes of child labor, working conditions and environment, education and training, consequences of child labor, and so on. However, the author didn’t ask any questions directly, instead Menelievich gathered all the information and statistics in the article and then discussed them and finally summed everything up with own solutions and ideas. This is what makes this article a succinct but well bodied research. The writer talks about the causes of child labor by covering up the most important factors in a very succinct manner. Following are the causes of child labor in a brief manner to make the topic clear: I. Poverty & Ignorance of parents Poverty is of course the foremost reason of child labor. When a family is poor and the guardian is unable to feed their kids, they find no other way but to put their children on work despite of the fact that the children’s age is for studying and n ot working. ... not expect to be totally supported by its family and this is what makes the child see no abnormality in missing school and to start working (Menelievich,1979, p. 560). III. Lack of schools and adequate educational infrastructure When there will be less schools and inadequate educational infrastructure, there are fewer chances that the children will be educated. So it’s essentially important that there are enough schools in each country, city and town so the children can get education. When the children will be involved in educational activities, their parents will not consider taking them out from the schools and putting them in on work. IV. Parent’s unawareness about the harms of child labor As mentioned at by Menelievich, â€Å"The age at which children start working varies but in a good many countries there are still children who are working at as early an age as 6. For example, a study carried out in India revealed that 24.6 percent of the children surveyed had sta rted work between the ages of 6 and 9, 48.4 percent between 10 and 12, and 26.9 percent between 13 and 15 (Menelievich, 1979, p. 562).† Furthermore; â€Å"In Bombay it was found that children employed in hotels and restaurants were working an average of over 11? hours a day, while in Santiago de Chile they were putting in between 10-13 hours a day (Menelievich, 1979, p. 562).† Now anyone can realize how an early age labor life can crush a child’s innocence and personality. 6-12 is the age of children when they are growing up and their emotions, personality talents are being built so when they are put on labor; they lose their childhood. Furthermore, prolonged exposure to heat, sun, dust, insects, chemicals, wind etc effects the physical health of the child immensely which can cause skin diseases,

Path of Light Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Path of Light - Essay Example Depending on the surface and the position of the reflective surfaces images can be inverted and in other cases depending on the arrangement of the surfaces form many images. The structure and path that the light follows is therefore dependent on the surface and the origin of the light at the source. The reflective surfaces differ from curved surfaces to mirrors that reflect the light and form an inverted image (Keller et al 29). In addition, if the image is reflected across two mirrors there is formation of many similar images that are formed through reflection. Curved surfaces on the other hand form images depending on whether the surface is concave or convex with each surface forming its own unique form of image (Kokhanovsky 107). This is as a result of the path that the light takes once it hits the curved surface and the eventual image that is illustrated on a screen. Similarly there are images that are formed from shiny surfaces that are brighter and more reflective while the dar ker images form unique and distinct images depending on whether the surface can let any light pass through. The surface is therefore an important part in understanding the path of light since it forms different images depending on the surface. There are different methods that can be used to make an experiment and establish the path of light and how the light travels from one source to another. One of the experiments uses cardboards that are placed in a straight line with holes on the same point. The cards are used to show that when one illuminates light at one end the light is seen at the other end when the cards are arranged in a straight line. However, if one of the cards is located on a different position or the hole on the cards are not in congruence then there is no image formed at the other end. The light does not move to the other cards since it does not travel in

Promotional Effectiveness of an Advertisement Essay Example for Free

Promotional Effectiveness of an Advertisement Essay This paper will examine the effectiveness of an advertisement for Giorgio Armani’s fragrance for men found in Men’s Health magazine. Focusing on the specifics of the ad, analysis will be done to depict the ins and outs of how the advertisement is conveying its message to the reader. To understand how marketers exploit their products to the consumers, the dynamics of an ad can be studied. Assessing the advertisement on a few important characteristics such as how the product is differentiated from the competitors, is there a need for redesign to obtain a more universal appeal, or are there any triggers which might evoke some negative emotions towards the product. The ad is a full page, double sided ad in the magazine. This is one of many fragrance promotions which are found throughout the magazine. To assess the characteristics of the ad, a number of questions can be asked to depict if there is room from improvement to effectively relay the marketer’s promotion. Promotional Effectiveness of an Advertisement Assessing the characteristics of an advertisement can lead to an understanding of how marketers promote their products to the consumer in effective or not so effective ways. Thumbing through Men’s Health magazine there are numerous ads. In fact, there seems to be an ad on every other page screaming out at the reader. To differentiate their product from other competitors, marketers have the task of effectively appealing to a universal customer without sacrificing the effectiveness of the target segment. In some cases there is a glaring need for a possible redesign or some other way to improve the advertisement. The strategies used by marketers to promote the Giorgio Armani’s fragrance can be assessed through a number of questions focusing on the effectiveness of the advertisement. According to Mullins and Walker Jr. (2010), identifying and having a clear understanding of the target market is essential for the planning and implementation of an effective promotional program (p. 368). By asking whether or not the ad effectively communicates the products benefits is a basic start and exactly what marketers want to relay to the reader. The target market is men who are reading through Men’s Health who come across this ad to see a young, attractive looking man in black and white photo with the fragrance bottle in the corner. On the other side a clear, bright picture of a wave crashing with a bottle of the fragrance in front of the wave. The marketers want the reader to see the benefits of being in the elite class of young, sleek looking men who wear the Armani fragrance. Marketers push a message of distinguished men wear our product. The wave gives the reader a feeling of clean, cool, and refreshing emotions and benefits from wearing the fragrance. Marketers use these pictures to convey the message of the products benefits. For marketers, differentiating from the competition is an important factor in promoting a product. In a magazine specifically for men, marketers of all big name brands take out full page ads to promote their individual product. Mullins and Walker Jr. (2010), mention that print media is much different than broadcast media because the reader selects the advertisement they want to read and take as much time as they want to read it (p. 354). With the Armani ad, there is a simple shot of a young man starring at the camera and a bottle in the corner. The back side has a flip up part to sample the fragrance. Thumbing through the rest of the magazine there are nine other, full paged fragrance ads located in the front of the magazine and most have a flip up sample on the back. All of them have a young attractive man looking at the camera in some similar variations of the Armani ad. Of course the fragrances all have their unique smell and that is a matter of taste in the consumer’s mind, but esthetically, the ad is not different at all. Improvements to better their uniqueness and elite class could be made. The market segment targeted in the ad is based on the person who is most likely to pick up a Men’s Health magazine, men. This might mean young or old but typically a young man in his twenties, thirties, forties, and maybe fifties. Marketers for Armani already have an advantage in knowing who are most likely to be the readers of Men’s Health and can narrow down their strategies to direct them towards the appropriate market segment. The ad is basically designed to have a universal appeal without sacrificing its effectiveness at the targeted segment and there really is not enough visual or literate information on the advertisement to trigger any real negative emotions towards the product, however, there could be room for improvement in some marketing strategies to improve the advertisement. The advertisement for Armani’s fragrance is clearly based around the sample of the fragrance on the back side which serves as the hook to get men craving that smell. There is not much that a marketer can do if the consumer does not enjoy the smell of the fragrance. However, to differentiate the product from the competitors’ products, a possible change in the typical shot of a man starring into the camera could improve the advertisement by creating interest in the uniqueness of the ad. The ad is in black and white which is different than the rest, but a change in the esthetics of the ad might separate Armani from the completion. An article in the Journal of American Academy of Business (2011) describes the importance of evaluating the marketing strategy. Possible improvements can be made in the advertisement for Armani by evaluating how effective there ad is with selling their product. Selecting and placing more importance on the pricing strategy might improve the effectiveness of the ad. The company could run a bundle deal with the different sized bottles. If the market segment is men, an attractive woman might get readers to stop more often. Celebrities always seem to push products well so maybe an endorsement could help. In the end, setting a clear and measurable objective can only be effective if it is evaluated right. Marketing managers for Armani face strategic decisions about how they can create a need and want for their fragrance. In the medium of print, marketers can narrow down their targeted market to exploit their product further and analyze what gets readers to select their promotional advertisement to read. Communicating the benefits, differentiating the product form competitors, identifying the market segment targeted, and analyzing the appeal of the product are ways to analyze the effectiveness of the promotion and find room for improvement if any. The Armani advertisement conveys a clear benefit through the use of their product by appealing to a targeted segment, but could use improvements in differentiating their strategies from the competition.

Essays --

To first understand a black hole, you must understand how it is created. Most black holes are produced by dying stars that have a mass twenty times greater than our sun. A star eventually becomes a black hole because the energy and pressure pushing outward is overcome by gravity that pushes inward. For big stars the gravity force causes a star to collapse under its own weight. The star then will explode as a supernova and some outer parts of the star are sent out into space. The core is still intact, and if it has collapsed under its own weight, it will have formed a star. This core is said to have nearly zero volume, but with infinite density, known as a singularity. These black holes that have now been created start to grow. But how do they grow? They start absorbing mass from materials that are close to them. If a material is said to enter a black holes event horizon, a point at which nothing can escape a black hole’s gravity, the object would became absorbed and would be part of the black hole. Most black holes consume large amounts of gas and dust as their primary source of â€Å"f...

Investigating Financial Control Essay

Task one The three different types of costs are fixed cost, variable cost and total cost. For all of the diverse types of costs there are also dissimilar calculations to work out each type of revenue. Fixed cost does not change no matter how much they produce, even if the business produces 1 or 1,000,000,000 it will always stay the same. Examples of fixed costs are rent, salaries, rates and loan payments. Variable cost change with the level of production. In order to work out the total variable cost you have to times together the quantity and the variable cost. Also, to determine the total cost you have to add the fixed cost and the variable cost. The meaning of Start up cost is the money you need to start up the business. Running cost always varies because of the level of stock changes and you have to pay for workers. In the case of Kiren and Zaiba, salaries are used as a fixed cost because they don’t change with the level of output. Heating and lighting are used as a variable cost because the variable cost change with the level of production. The sum: Fixed cost + variable cost = total cost which is 6,000 in the scenario. The definitions for the following words are: Profit What is left when all costs incurred in making and selling a product are deducted from the revenue gained from that sale. It acts as the reward to the entrepreneur, usually the owner of the business, who has provided the capital. It is usually the net profit after tax which represents the surplus for the owners of the business and is paid as a dividend to shareholders. Profit maximization is seen as one of the major objectives of a business, although it is more likely to be an objective for the investors in a business, than for its managers or employees. It might be for those groups that profit acts as a constraint, while higher sales orhigher wages and salaries are more important objectives Net profit: This is the amount of sales revenue that a business earns less all the costs involved in achieving that revenue, including both direct costs and expenses. The net profit figure represents the figure for profit before taxation or a dividend are further deducted, and shows how successful a business has been in generating profits from its trading activities. Gross profit The figure obtained on the profit and loss account when the cost of goods sold is deducted from the sales revenue of a business, but it does not take into account any of the expenses of running a business such as wages, distribution costs or administration costs. Fixed cost Variable cost Total cost Rent  £800 Heating and lighting  £200 Salaries  £1400 Advertising  £50 Insurance  £210 Administration  £50 Rates  £150 400 CD’s  £2800 Loan repayments  £290 Telephone  £50  £2850  £3150  £6000 Task 2 Kiran & Zaiba analysis: In task two I used excel to work out the break even point, at diverse costs. The fixed costs were the same because I only have done break even for one month. The quantity is going up in one hundreds. I calculated the variable cost by multiplying the quantity by 6 which came out to be going up in six hundreds. I calculated the total cost by adding the fixed cost by the variable cost; in this case it was increasing by six hundred. To calculate the sales revenue, I had to multiple the quantities by 12, which was increasing by 1200. To calculate profit or loss, I subtract sales revenue from total cost. According to the information on my table Kiran & zaiba have to sell 1000 CD’s to break even. Break even is when the cost is 6000 and the quantity is 6. In the following table I have changed the fixed cost to 6950 because the following values increased: the rate increased to  £300 also, the telephone increased to  £100, advertising to  £125 and the lighting and heating increased to  £425. Using the contributing method I will calculate the following data to achieve how much CD’s will be needed to break even. In order to do this I will have to use the following equation 6950 divided by 6. The sum equals 1158. So they will have to sell 1158 to break even. This means that they will have to increase sales. Advantages of break even analysis Disadvantages of break even analysis Break even can be used to predict profit It price suddenly changed it wouldn’t take it in Break even can be used to determine financial needs For example, If petrol prices go up the break even will not show the increase. Keep track of profits and losses. It is a forecast which means that the data is predicted. Gives you ideas for selling prices (if you made a lot of money at that period of time). It helps to calculate profits Helps to make decisions on prices I think that break even is very useful because: It assists you to figure out your profit Helps you by giving you assumptions of prices It is extremely significant in that if you are taking into consideration to applying for a loan. Gives you a clear impression of prices TASK 3 Analysis for cash flow forecast I will now construct the cash flow forecast I have now prepared an annual cash flow forecast using monthly data I have also included the loan in January. The table looks like this for a regular cash flow forecast: image00.png The sales become irregular due to an immense amplify in downloading and sharing music. The irregular cash flow forecast should look like this: image01.png Cash flow forecast is extremely significant and has many uses. For example, it helps the bank manager to keep up to date; it helps managers to plan ahead and it also determines if there is a problem with the cash flow by resolving the difficulty. Regular cash flow shows: That there is not a problem with the cash flow because the opening bank balance is always increasing, so the profit is rising. The main objective for a cash flow forecast is to see whether there is a profit or loss. Currently, I have identified that with the regular cash flow there is not a problem because all the numbers are increasing, meaning that a profit has been achieved. Irregular cash flow forecast shows that: The opening bank balance starts with zero; it then rises immensely in February to 11300. Then it starts to decrease steeply all the way to December, leaving the opening bank balance drawn to a close with -37470. This is bad for the business because now they are not making a profit The total cash inflows, starts of with 18000 in January. Then it starts to reduce in each and every month, until it comes to December where it increases to 2700 from November. This is consequently leading them to a loss. The total cash outflows contrast from low to high in that, in January it is 6700 and then increases enormously to 9500 in December. The Implication of the problem is that there is an increase in people who tend to download and share music. This will inevitably affect their sales. This will also consequently make Kiran and Zaiba fall to lose a profit. Because of this problem Kiran and Zaiba are making a loss of  £43,920. The implication to the problem is that, In order to reject the lost, I recommend that The other way around this is to increase the number of quantities, in order to sell more and increase profit. Or, lower maintenance costs and launching a download website so you can attract costumers worldwide. Task 4 The documents which Kiran and Zaiba will need to sequence sales and purchasing from order to receipt of goods are: Issues by the purchaserIssued by the seller Delivery note- accompanies the goods. Is signed by purchaser as proof of delivery. Sales invoice- gives full details of goods, prices, discounts, VAT Credit note- issued if goods are returned or to adjust any over- charges on the invoice. Statement of account- summarises all transactions and states balance owning. Remittance advice – summarises the account for return with cheque payment Cash receipt- issued to confirm cash payment has been received Purchase order- lists items required and price for each. Goods received note- lists items received. Purchaser tells seller if any shortages or damage Cheque or electronic transfer- to pay balance on statement I am now going to describe the manual and electronic ways of recording financial transaction that Kiran and Zaiba could use: Predominantly, most Kiran and Zaiba’s transactions are mostly recorded electronically because they are developed either by an electronic cash register or by computer. The advantage of recording transaction for Kiran and Zaiba indicate that any linked documents are printed mechanically. Kiran and Zaiba may want to take the alternative route by considering keeping manual records which are then kept by businesses that would not find it valuable to buy a cash register or use a computer system. Even people who receive payments in a customer’s home- such as service engineers- are now more likely to record the transaction on a laptop than carry a receipt book with them. Kiran and Zaiba want and need to prevent fraud because they are a minute business. To terminate these frauds they will have to have: A thoughtful staff selection which are trustworthy to procedure which includes character references. A â€Å"whistle- blowing† scheme where workers are compensated for reporting fraud. The system should guarantee that information is treated confidentially. An unambiguous policy on dealing with fraud. Scam is usually considered to be â€Å"gross misconduct† (which means disgusting bad behaviour) for which workers can be fired instantaneously as part of the disciplinary procedure. Task 5 The strengths of a cash flow forecast are that: It helps the bank manger to keep up to date It records how much money you have It gives you ideas to plan ahead Demonstrates how much money you have at the present time The forecasts of sales and cash flow, and hence crucial abundance of profit, will be vital on which the prospective bankers will assess the upcoming feasibility of the business. It follows that these forecasts will come under crucial inspection and significant judgement. The importance of cash inflows is so you distinguish how much value of money is going towards the inside of a businesses bank account at a particular time. An example for this could be: the income Kiran and Zaiba make for selling CD’s. The strengths of break even are: It helps you see where you have an increase or decrease in your profit. Keeps you informed Break even engrosses discovering what would occur if there were changes to cost of revenues. The types of questions the boss would ask are: Is it possible for Kiran and Zaiba to increase sales by 5% and still make a profit even if sales fall? If by reducing sales by 10% will this effect Kiran and Zaiba? Say if Kiran and Zaiba shift of to an inexpensive property, how would this affect our profits? There is many different ways in which, to record this information. For instance, Manual recording principally used by businesses that, tend not sense that it is advisable to buy a cash register or computer. (For example, If Kiran and Zaiba don’t sell as much CD’s then, they may find it simpler to record these manually). Also, there is an alternative route which is, to record by electronically, which means that associated documents are printed mechanically. This could be beneficial if Kiran and Zaiba are selling lots of CD’s. Cash flow indicates the amount of money received and spent over time. This is significant in that, you will then be aware of how much income is in the bank. If Kiran and Zaiba have an enormous demand they can amplify there sales because there are not adequate CD’s. They could charge more which is better for the business because they are making more profit. But if there is too much CD’s then they could reduce prices to sell more, thus allowing them to make profits. Just to add, the main objective for any business is to make a profit. So, Kiran and Zaiba will want to do so. To do this, Kiran and Zaiba may want to take this into consideration that they may want to reduce their sales in order to sell more and to attract more costumers.

Negative effect of video games on children Essay

The Negtive Effects of Video Gaming on Children Children don’t have to buy an expensive gaming system to play video games anymore, than can simply log onto the internet through their home computer or their handheld devices and they have an array of videogames to choose from. Every time a child pops a role playing videogame into their gaming console or logs onto the internet to play so called interactive video games, they enter a virtual world where there are no real consequences for their actions. While playing violent video games children can choose to play the violent roles of either car thieves or killers. The more time a child spends playing video games the less time they spend engaged in normal social activities with their friends. When a child is allowed to spend hours a day playing video games, especially violent role playing games, they can cause them to become violent, socially isolated, and depressed. First person role playing games allow children to identify with their character (Harding). The more time children spend as killing machines in the false reality of the video gaming world, the more desensitized they become to death and killing in the real world. Studies have shown the more time children spend playing violent video games, the more likely they are to respond to real world situations with aggression and violence (Gordon). A 2004 study published in the Journal of Adolescence found children, particularly teens, who played violent video games are more likely to become aggressive, confrontational, and see a decline in their academic performance (Harding). Allowing children to play violent video games is not worth the risk they pose! Children are exposed to enough violence through television without the help of violent games offered to them over the internet and through popular video gaming systems. Video games do not only expose children to violence they allow them to engage in it through the violent roles they allow them to play. Many of the roles children play over the internet or through their game consoles simulate real world situations where they can steal and murder with no consequences. Parents should not need to read the results of a study for them to realize that allowing their child to play violent roles in video games, where they kill and steal, will encourage violent behavior from them in the real world. During September 2009 in Ohio a sixteen year old boy named Daniel Petric was forbidden by his father from buying the new version of the violent video game Halo that he was obsessed with. After being forbidden from buying the new version of the violent game Daniel snuck out of his house and bought it anyway. When Daniel’s father discovered he had disobeyed him, and bought the game, he took it away from him and locked it in his lockbox where he kept his gun. Later that same night, sixteen year old Daniel unlocked his father’s lockbox to retrieve his game and found his father’s gun. After finding the gun Daniel went into his parent’s bedroom and shot both his father and mother in the killing them (Gordon). No one can say with absolute certainty that the video game Halo caused the boy to shoot his parents. One thing is obvious, if the boy’s account of events are to be believed, the game played a huge factor in his descion to murder his parents that evening. Violent behavior unfortunately is not the only negative effect from children playing video games to often. A recent study by Douglas A Gentile, an associate professor of psychology at Iowa State University found that children who spend several hours a day playing video games are at risk to become addicted to them. Once a child becomes addicted to their video game, their addiction can cause them to become depressed, anxious, and have social problems including social isolation (Gilmore). If a child is spending several hours a day gaming they can very easily become depressed. When a child spends most of their day playing video games they do not engage in normal healthy physical activity with their friends. It makes sense that the more time a child spends isolated playing video games the more likely they are to become depressed. Children need to spend time interacting with their friends in order to develop normal social skills. When children isolate themselves playing videogames alone all day, they begin to lose their friends and social skills. Studies show that the depression caused from children pathologically playing video games can be easily lifted when they simply stop playing them (Frontelera). Douglas Gentile said, â€Å"We found in children who started playing pathologically anxiety and depression got worse. And, when they stopped gaming the depression lifted† (qtd. in Gilmore). The idea that allowing a child to play his or her favorite video game for a couple hours a day can lead them to social isolation may sound farfetched, unfortunately it is not. The more time a child spends playing video games the less desire they have for one on one human contact. Although, children have the ability to interact with other players including their friends through the internet, their friends become part of the game itself and there is no real contact. Children need to spend time in social environments with their peers in order to learn and maintain the social skills they need to navigate through life. When a child loses his or her social skills they quickly become isolated and depressed. Their isolation and depression can lead them to identify themselves more with the character they are playing in their videogame than their own real life. First person role playing games allow children to identify with their character. Studies have shown the more time teenagers spend playing violent videogames at home the more likely they are to respond to real world situations with aggression and violence. A child’s imagination is amazing and sometimes limitless, unfortunately it can become dangerous when they begin to imagine themselves stealing cars and murdering people while playing first person role playing Videogames allow children to become kings and queens, or car thieves and murderers. Children can become so entranced by the different roles they play in the virtual worlds created for them through videogames that the line between the real world and the virtual one depicted in the video games they are playing becomes blurred. . Violent video games rewarded children for things like stealing cars and killing people.

My Personal Literacy Narrative Essays

My Personal Literacy Narrative Essays My Personal Literacy Narrative Paper My Personal Literacy Narrative Paper Personal Essay on Literacy It feels just like yesterday when literacy was first demonstrated to me. At the age of 9, I began attempting to write my poems and short stories without and guidance of instruction. They were kept private until my 2nd-grade teacher began assigning different writing assignments to the class. I felt as if I had a greater advantage than the rest of my class since I kept a journal full of random pieces of writing. Each piece of writing I turned in was cover with red markings. Apparently l, I did not obtain the writing skills I thought I did. It is a good thing I wasnt the only one. Instead of singling me out before the entire class, my teacher felt that it was important to introduce the class to literacy formally. My teacher, Mrs. Littlejohn, took the time out of each day to go over writing skills. Originally, I was taught to write what I know and am most certain about. The tip was very useful at first. It became easier to write about my experiences and the stories my friends and family had told me. After a while, I wandered away from that advice and created my writing path. No longer do I follow that rule. Now when I wrote, I like to make it about what I feel is interesting to myself or whoever reads it such as science fictions stories for nerds or famous speech response papers for teachers. Ill take the time to do research of I have to; sometimes it benefits both the reader and myself. I wrote my first short book at the age of 10, and it was terrible. I disliked everything about it. The band, the plot, the characters, and the amount of time I was given to finish made it all a huge catastrophe. The story I put together was simple minded and hard to understand. It was supposed to be about my friends, and I am becoming locally famous dancers. It ended up being more of a biography describing the lives of my friends and I. It was my first timed writing activity, and I was not ready.

Top Training Companies for New Truckers

Top Training Companies for New Truckers Listen up, new and inexperienced drivers! If you can’t wait to get behind the wheel of a truck and start earning a paycheck as a professional driver, then keep reading! RJ Trucker Blog has some no-nonsense advice for getting yourself road-ready and employed in no time- including some top picks for company-sponsored training! Are you worried that your lack of training or experience will make it impossible for you to get started? Don’t be! There are plenty of companies that have sponsored training programs- you can get trained and hired all at once! This includes either company-subsidized training or training hosted by the company itself, often in return for work for a specified length of time or some repayment arrangement, or both.Here’s a list of some top trucking companies that offer sponsored CDL training:U.S. Xpress, Inc.Schneider NationalKLLM Transportation ServicesBaylor TruckingCrete Carrier Corp.Werner EnterprisesJB HuntTMC TransportationPrime IncMaverick TransportationGordon Trucking, Inc.Con-way TruckloadCovenant TransportShaffer TruckingAll of the companies on this list are well known and have solid reputations, but don’t forget- you should still do your research when choosing the one that’s best for you. Company-sponsored training can be fast, easy, and free you from upfront costs, but be certain that the specific terms in the agreement are acceptable before signing on. Make sure you choose a good company that offers thorough training and reasonable work hours at an acceptable wage!

Interpersonal communication Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Interpersonal communication - Case Study Example I experienced great diversity and unique cultural backgrounds at my workplace. Everyone at workplace seemed to have a different view in nearly all activities that we engaged in. I realized that as I continued to interact with workmates, each one of them seemed to present their individual backgrounds, try to portray their past experiences and values. The experience of diversity provoked my interest and I began to develop new friends that would match the new environment (Corbin & White, 2008). I preferred to work and share closely with individuals of diverse groups and backgrounds with the central aim of exploring personal connection. It is imperative to that diversity experience and success in building new friends with different cultural beliefs and values influenced me to like the job. The feeling of heterogeneous culture within the workplace and ability to accept my co-workers beliefs and values enabled me to interact closely and learn more about other cultures. In addition, knowledge of multiculturalism aspects within a diverse population enabled me to develop intimate relationships with my co-workers, supervisors, and other friends. We would share about our different cultural practices including learning each other’s language with the intimate workmates (Corbin & White, 2008). Consequently, the feeling of knowing and speaking a foreign language become interesting and I felt encouraged to explore my workmates cultural backgrounds. As I became more intimate and personally connected to learning other cultures, I developed preference for working in the company. It is imperative that the knowledge of multiculturalism remained essential in fostering a healthy work practice and relationship. I developed the ability to accept and recognize my co-workers, supervisors, and other friends by valuing them as equally important, an experience that propelled my career success. In

Property Law (Equity & Trusts) Max word limit 2250 Case Study

Property Law (Equity & Trusts) Max word limit 2250 - Case Study Example There is no such statutory provision for cohabitants; they are subject to the equitable rules of resulting and/or constructive trusts and/or promissory estoppel and may have no redress despite having made substantial contributions to the maintenance of the property and/or indirect contributions to the payment of the mortgage. This is aggravated by the lack of certainty in the law with regard to measuring acquisition and quantification of beneficial interests. The 'justice' received turns on the initial pleading of the claimant and the manner in which the household budget was allocated4. Typically a claimant who seeks an estoppel will have a broader range of remedies available from the court than someone who seeks to establish a constructive trust based on indirect contributions. This has led to inconsistency in judgments, which undermines the certainty of the law, with a subsequent increase in litigation and costs5. The Law Commission speculated on introducing a 'statutory trust' where registered beneficiaries would earn a pro rata proprietary interest rather than a personal right to be repaid the value of their relevant contribution(s), subject to evidence of gifts or loans6. Unfortunately it was felt that the scheme would not reduce the evidential burden and that it did not offer enough remedies. In particular the scheme did not fully address the lost economic opportunities following the breakdown of a relationship where the contributions were non-direct7. Other commonwealth jurisdictions have different approaches but the same issues of uncertainty and obscurity.8 It is submitted that the focus on the 'family' home is too narrow given the statistics on cohabitation and the many diverse forms which have evolved. A broader approach to shared rights in accommodation is called for. As demonstrated in the Law Commission's review of other jurisdictions waiting for the courts to develop greater flexibility will necessarily be slow, strapped as they are by an Executive still focusing on the 'family' - hence displaying a lack of understanding of the social issues - on one hand and judicial precedent on the other. Advisors also will be limited by decided cases and the increasing difficulty of obtaining legal aid to bring novel situations before the court. Further, the law is based on outmoded ideas of shared accommodation and the idea of common intention. The emphasis on status - with marriage being the ideal - seems to be holding back the development of the law in this area. It is submitted that the 'evil' to be overcome is not one's marital status, or whether or not children are brought up in a marriage, but inadequate financial provision for persons who have a legitimate expectation to be provided for. This should be the norm regardless of 'status'. One absurdity of the 'status' approach is the impact on the descendants of married versus non-married couples, where 'legitimate' children can expect to be provided for whilst 'illegitimate' children are reliant on a judge's largesse. The Civil Partnership Act 2004 ss65-68 are a step in the right direction, but only covers couples of the same gender who have undergone a prescribed ceremony. Whilst non-financial contributions are recognised, this is limited by the requirement of a contribution of a 'substantial